Marginalization of Women in Public Sphere Affirmative Policy and Economic Precarity National
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the structural marginalization of women in Indonesian public spaces, focusing on political representation and industrial relations. Using normative-empirical legal research methods, this article analyzes the failure of the thirty percent affirmative quota and unilateral termination practices against pregnant workers. Findings reveal that the quota policy has failed due to administrative formalism within political parties and institutional resistance from the General Elections Commission. Meanwhile, market flexibility introduced by the Job Creation Law has exacerbated the economic precarity of female workers through contract manipulation to dismiss pregnant women. These phenomena demonstrate an ontological disconnection between constitutional rights guarantees and sociopolitical reality, rooted in an androcentric patriarchal legal culture. This study concludes that national law requires a radical reorientation toward gender-responsive substantive justice, supported by firm imperative sanctions to dismantle systemic bias within state institutions and private corporations, ensuring comprehensive human rights protection for all women in contemporary Indonesia.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Amelia, Sonia, Ega Permatadani, Ida Ayu Rosida, Rifda Ayu Akmaliya, and Anang Dony Irawan. “Legal Protection for Workers Who Have Harmed Employers(Case Study of Supreme Court Verdict Number 702K/Pdt.Sus-Phi/2021).” Indonesia Law Reform Journal 3, no. 1 (2023): 56–68. https://doi.org/10.22219/ilrej.v3i1.24464.
Anjarsari, Pita. Perempuan Dan Representasi Politik. Edited by Ayu Musliha. Cetakan Pe. Lamongan: CV Detak Pustaka, 2025.
Chikan Lousia Tania, and Rahmi Zubaedah. “Tinjauan Hukum Terhadap Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Perempuan Di Indonesia: Perspektif Hukum Ketenagakerjaan Dan Kesetaraan Gender.” Jurnal Dunia Ilmu Hukum 3, no. 1 (2025): 5–9. https://doi.org/10.59435/jurdikum.v3i1.456.
Fitri, Maisyithoh Rahma, and Husni Mubarak Mumtazinur. “Islam Dan Negara: Analisis Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Cuti Pekerja Wanita Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan.” Politica: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara Dan Politik Islam 11, no. 1 (2024): 106–17. https://doi.org/10.32505/politica.v11i1.9232.
Guswara, Arrafi Bima, and Ali Imran Nasution. “Dinamika Konstitusionalitas Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 Dan 54/PUU-XXI/2023.” Jurnal Usm Law Review 6, no. 3 (2023): 1052–72. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v6i3.7844.
Guterres, Mirela Maria Ribeiro, and Anak Agung Sagung Laksmi Dewi. “Legal Framework On Women’s Participation In Legislative Elections In Indonesia: A Normative Analysis Of The Role Of Political Parties.” Verdict: Journal of Law Science 4, no. 2 (2025): 70–86. https://doi.org/10.59011/vjlaws.4.2.2025.70-86.
Halisma Amili, Nasrullah. “Analisis Hukum Terhadap Diskriminasi Gender Dalam Ketentuan Perundang-Undangan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Kolaboratif Sains 8, no. 7 (2025): 4427–42. https://doi.org/10.56338/jks.v8i7.8060.
Hamdan Purnama, Iskandar. “A Critical Analysis of Social Engineering Theory in the Context of Legal Development in Indonesia.” ULIL ALBAB : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 3, no. 12 (2024): 54–67. https://doi.org/10.56799/jim.v3i12.5812.
Indonesia, Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu Republik. “Putusan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu Republik Indonesia Nomor 214-PKE-DKPP/IX/2024.” Jakarta: DKPP RI, 2024. https://www.dkpp.go.id.
Indonesia, Presiden Republik. Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum (2017). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/37644/uu-no-7-tahun-2017.
———. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (1999). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/.
Indonesia, Republik. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan (2003). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id.
Irma Permata Sari, and Muhyidin. “Peluang Partisipasi Politik Perempuan Di Indonesia Dalam Prespektif Hak Asasi Manusia.” JOSH: Journal of Sharia 3, no. 1 (2024): 55–61. https://doi.org/10.55352/josh.v3i01.804.
Ismoyo, Jarot Digdo, Apriyanto, Titik Haryanti, and Loso Judijanto. Teori Negara Hukum Modern. Jambi: PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia, 2025.
Izzati, Nabiyla Risfa. “Kepastian Hukum vs Ketidakpastian Kerja : Substansi Ketenagakerjaan Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 Tentang Cipta Kerja.” JURNAL HUKUM IUS QUIA IUSTUM 31, no. 2 (2024): 384–407. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol31.iss2.art7.
Juwita Pratiwi Lukman. “Pemberdayaan Perempuan Sebagai Poros Utama Pembangunan Berkelanjutan: Membangun Kesetaraan, Kesejahteraan, Dan Keseimbangan Lingkungan.” Journal of International Multidisciplinary Research 2, no. 8 (2024): 88–97. https://doi.org/10.62504/jimr822.
Karmanis. “Partisipasi Politik Dan Keterwakilan Perempuan Di Parlemen Studi Kasus Keterwakilan Perempuan Di Parlemen Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea Selatan, Rwanda, Kuba, Bolivia, Andorra, Meksiko, Spanyol, Swedia, Finlandia, Grenada Dan Namibia).” Jurnal Mimbar Administrasi 19, no. 1 (2022): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.56444/mia.v19i1.2967.
KSBSI. “Seorang Buruh Perempuan Hamil di PHK Sepihak Oleh PT BIG Dengan Alasan Kontrak Habis.” Konfederasi serikat buruh sejahtera Indonesia. Konfederasi Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia, 2022. https://www.ksbsi.org/home/read/1798/-Seorang-Buruh-Perempuan-Hamil-di-PHK-Sepihak-Oleh-PT-BIG-Dengan-Alasan-Kontrak-Habis-.
Mashari. Politik Hukum Ketenagakerjaan Berbasis Nilai Keadilan Sosial. Edited by Retno Mawarini Sukmariningsih. Semarang: CV Lawwana, 2025.
Mu’ammar Kadhafi, Nanda Ade Putra Rudianto, Muhammad Gilang Ardiansyah. “A Review Of Labor Law Literature On The Protection Of The Fundamental Rights Of Outsourced Workers Following The Enactment Of The Job Creation Law.” Custodia: Journal of Legal, Political, and Humanistic Inquiry 1, no. 4 (2026): 389–405. https://doi.org/10.65310/5871a695.
Muhammad Rafi Nur Akbar, Chaerul Shaleh dan Aji Saptaji. “Implementasi Pembulatan Desimal Ke Bawah Keterwakilan Perempuan Di KPU Kabupaten Bandung Perspektif Siyasah Dusturiyah.” Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis. 5, no. 3 (2024): 102–16. https://doi.org/10.56370/jhlg.v6i2.1013.
Najwa Qurrata’Ayun, Siti eka Pratiwi, Asyifa Sari Dini, and Siti Noormala. “Menggugat Kekuatan Patriarki: Hak-Hak Perempuan Dalam Transformasi Menuju Kesetaraan Gender.” Interdisciplinary Explorations in Research Journal 2, no. 2 (2024): 677–94. https://doi.org/10.62976/ierj.v2i2.528.
Nicholas Herta Prasetyo, and Ratih Damayanti. “Efektivitas Penerapan Rumah Perlindungan Pekerja Perempuan Atas Terjaminnya Perlindungan Hukum Tenaga Kerja Wanita Di Indonesia.” Law Research Review Quarterly 11, no. 1 (2025): 116–47. https://doi.org/10.15294/llrq.v11i1.25812.
Pangastuti, Yulida. “Di Antara Tekanan , Rasa Aman Dan Keheningan : Fenomenologi Dan Politik Afek Orang Muda Queer Dalam Bekerja Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Studi Pemuda 14, no. 1 (2025): 50–75. https://doi.org/10.22146/studipemudaugm.112813.
Prhita Shintiya, Mirna Nur Alia Abdullah, and Muhammad Retsa Rizaldi Mujayapura. “Warisan Patriarki: Hambatan Struktural Bagi Perempuan Di Dunia Kerja.” SABANA: Jurnal Sosiologi, Antropologi, Dan Budaya Nusantara 4, no. 2 (2025): 171–79. https://doi.org/10.55123/sabana.v4i2.5011.
Puannandini, Dewi Asri, Dwinan Ali Dzulfqar, Abdul Sandika, and Mahesa Ahmad Pradipta. “Kesejahteraan Pekerja Sebagai Upaya Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia.” JURNAL MEDIA AKADEMIK (JMA) 3, no. 7 (2025): 3031–5220. https://doi.org/10.62281/v3i7.2558.
Putu Della Paramitha Narpaduhita. “Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pekerja Wanita Terkait Dengan Kesehatan Reproduksi.” Jurnal Yusthima 5, no. 02 (2025): 439–54. https://doi.org/10.36733/yusthima.v5i02.12712.
Rambe, Reni Damayanti, Timbul Dompak, and Lubna Salsabila. “Keterwakilan Perempuan Dalam Politik (Studi Kasus: Caleg Perempuan DPR RI Tahun 2024-2029).” Jurnal Pemerintahan Dan Politik 10, no. 1 (2025): 170–91. https://doi.org/10.36982/jpp.v10i1.5192.
Ratnanun, Indah, Turnip Mega Marta, Zahrah Khan, and Khairunnisa Zain Dzakiyah. “Feminist Legal Theory : Perjuangan Kesetaraan.” Judge : Jurnal Hukum 06, no. 05 (2025): 1433–43. https://journal.cattleyadf.org/index.php/Judge/article/view/1882/1041.
Ray, Aisya Puja. “Buruh Perempuan Hamil Di-PHK, Di Mana Keadilan?” Semut Api, June 1, 2024. https://semutapi.id/buruh-perempuan-hamil-di-phk-di-mana-keadilan/.
Rex Tiran, Diana S.A.Natalia Tabun, Rouwland A. Benyamin, Johannes Fisher Keon. “Representasi Perempuan Di Politik (Studi Kasus Anggota Legislatif Perempuan Dalam Menjalankan Fungsinya Di DPRD Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur).” Al-Dalil Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik, Dan Hukum 1, no. 2 (2024): 43–50.
Rindi Astika Yuliana, Istiana Hermawati. “Evolusi Represntasi Politik Perempuan Di Tingkat Lokal Indonesia: Tantangan Dan Peluang.” Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPS 5, no. 2 (2025): 601–9. https://doi.org/10.51878/social.v5i2.5733.
Risnain, Muh., Erlies Septiana Nurbani, Diva Pitaloka, and Adhitya Nini Rizki Apriliana. Pengantar Hukum Internasional: Pendekatan Kemahiran Hukum, Etika Hukum, Hukum Dan Gender, Serta Hukum Dalam Konteks Lokal. Edisi 1. Jakarta: Kencana, 2023.
Rivanti, Ratna. Perempuan dalam Pusaran Pemilu. Pekalongan: PT. Nasya Expanding Management, 2021.
Roihan, Muhammad Irham. “Problematika Metode Omnibus Law sebagai Bentuk Penyederhanaan Regulasi dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja Studi Sektor Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral.” Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2021.
Saivol Virdaus, Ida Musofiana. “Electoral Law Innovation to Strengthen Women’s Representation in Parliament.” Jurnal Daulat Hukum 8, no. 3 (2025): 311–33. https://doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v8i3.44885.
Salsabila, Thouf, Yoga Widigda, and Adeliya Rahma Sari Ulfah, Early Juliana. “Women’S Political Representation in the Gerindra Party Faction of the Central Java Legislature: An Analysis of Affirmative Action Policies and the Obstacles Faced.” Forum Ilmu Sosial 52, no. 1 (2025): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.15294/fis.v52i1.22812.
Sibarani, Ramadhanya Elwinne Huzaima. “A Comparison Study of the Quotas and Conditions for Women’s Representation in Parliament in Indonesia, Timor-Leste, and Finland.” Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies 3, no. 2 (2024): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.54828/ijsls.2024v3n2.2.
Sifrotul Maftuhah, Qurrotul Uyun. “Teori Kritis.” Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kajian Keislaman 07, no. 1 (2025): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.30742/jus.v3i2.1246.
Srinorindra Rahayu Budiiswanti, Fence M. Wantu, and Avelia Rahma Y. Mantali. “Perlindungan Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja (PHK) Terhadap Pekerja Perempuan.” Politika Progresif : Jurnal Hukum, Politik Dan Humaniora 1, no. 4 (2024): 117–32. https://doi.org/10.62383/progres.v1i4.1006.
Sulfiana, Muhammad Syukur, Ridwan Said Ahmad. “Diskriminasi Gender Terhadap Perempuan Dalam Wajah Politik Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Nirwasita 4, no. 2 (2023): 165–74. https://doi.org/10.59672/nirwasita.v4i2.2954.
Syahrum, Muhammad. Pengantar Metodologi Penelitian Hukum: Kajian Penelitian Normatif, Empiris, Penulisan Proposal, Laporan Skripsi Dan Tesis. Cetakan Pe. Bengkalis-Riau: DOTPLUS Publisher, 2022. https://scholar.google.com.
Utami, Gusti Ayu, and Andi Ervin Novara Jaya. “Legal Protection for Women Workers from the Perspective of Health Law Reviewed Based on the Law on Maternal and Child Welfare in the First Thousand Days of Life Phase.” The 8th International Joint Conference on Science and Technology 2025 (2025): 199–204. https://doi.org/10.11594/nstp.2025.4823.
Wardhani, Novea Elysa, Loso Judijanto, Nur Asmarani, Frans Reumi, Kadek Kartika Yase, and Dwinanda Linchia Levi Heningdyah Nikolas Kusumawardhani. Perempuan dan Hukum (Perlindungan Hak Dalam Perspektif Gender). Edited by Sepriano. Jambi: PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia, 2025.
Wardiono, Kelik. Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Noetik: Langkah Operasional Model Spiral-Triadik. Cetakan I. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press, 2026. https://mup.ums.ac.id.